رمان انگلیسی تام سایر The Adventures of Tom Sawyer نوشته‌ی مارک تواین Mark Twain، شرح ماجراجویی‌های پسری به نام تام سایر است که مادر و پدرش را از دست داده و همراه خاله‌ی پیر و سخت‌گیرش زندگی می‌کند

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The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

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ماجراهای تام سایر

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مارک تواین

Mark Twain

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تام سایر؛ بلوغ اجتماعی

تام سایر داستان رشد و بلوغ شخصیت‌های مختلف کتاب را روایت می‌کند. نکته مهم در کتاب اما چگونگی توصیف و نمایش رشد فکری شخصیت‌هاست. تواین برای توضیح بلوغ شخصیت‌ها مراحل مختلفی از رشد آن‌ها را در داستان آورده است. به عنوان مثال تام به یک‌‌باره از نوجوانی بازیگوش به فردی بالغ که در دادگاه حاضر می‌شود تا از دیگران دفاع کند تبدیل نمی‌شود بلکه گام به گام این مسیر را طی می‌کند. ابتدا زمانی‌که متوجه می‌شود ماف بی‌گناه به زندان افتاده است، تام جرات شهادت دادن برای اثبات بی‌ گناهی او را ندارد. تنها کاری که انجام می‌دهد تا حدی از عذاب وجدان خود بکاهد این است که برای او در زندان خوراکی می‌برد. بعد و به مرور زمان با مشاهده رفتارهای جو سرخپوسته، تام به این نتیجه می‌رسد که باید با او مقابله کند. از طرفی دیگر در رمان تام سایر قرار نیست تمام شخصیت‌ها به بلوغ برسند و برخی تا انتهای داستان نیز شخصیت ضعیف خود را حفظ می‌کنند. نکته مهم دیگر در کتاب حضور پررنگ اجتماع و خرد جمعی در رشد فکری افراد است. در بخشی از داستان، گروهی از مردم در تلاش هستند تا از جو سرخپوسته حمایت کنند که نشان ‌دهنده ضعف فرهنگی جامعه و عدم حمایت از افراد لایق است.

سی متر نردۀ چوبی به ارتفاع تقریباً دو و نیم متر. زندگی در نظر تام پوچ و توخالی آمد، و هستی چیزی جز رنج و عذاب نبود. تام آهی کشید و قلم‌مویش را توی دوغاب فرو برد

صبح شنبه فرا رسیده بود و آن دنیای تابستانی سراپا شاداب و درخشان و سرشار از زندگی بود. در دلِ هرکس چشمۀ سرودی می‌جوشید؛ و اگر آن دل جوان بود، آن نغمه بر لب‌هایش هم جاری می‌شد. چهرۀ هرکس شاد بود و گام‌هایش چست و چالاک. درختان اقاقیا به گل نشسته بودند و هوا پر از بوی شکوفه‌ها بود. تپۀ کاردیف، در آن‌سوی دهکده و بر فراز آن، سبز بود و غرق در گل و گیاه، و به قدر کفایت دور بود که یک «سرزمین رویایی» به نظر بیاید، سرزمینی خیال‌انگیز و آرام و وسوسه‌کننده.

هرقدر یک سنت رایج نامعقول‌تر باشد، خلاص شدن از شر آن دشوارتر است.

صبح دوشنبه تام سایر حال و روز بدی داشت. صبح‌های دوشنبه همیشه تام همین‌طور بود – چون دوشنبه‌ها شروع یک هفته زجرکش شدن در مدرسه بود. تام معمولاً آن روز را با این آرزو شروع می‌کرد که کاش اصلاً تعطیلات آخر هفته وجود نداشت، زیرا بعد از این تعطیلات، بازگشت به دورۀ اسارت و غل و زنجیر خیلی نفرت‌انگیزتر می‌شد.

به نظرش آمد که زندگی، در بهترین حالت، چیزی جز رنج و عذاب نیست.

تام دیگر تصمیمش را گرفته بود. غمگین و نومید بود. خودش می‌گفت که او یک پسرک تنها و بی‌کس است؛ هیچ‌کس دوستش ندارد؛ موقعی که همه متوجه می‌شدند که کار او را به کجا کشانده‌اند، شاید پشیمان می‌شدند؛ تام سعی کرده بود پسر خوبی باشد و بار هر اوضاعی بسازد، ولی نگذاشته بودند؛ از قرار معلوم، تنها چیزی که آنها را راضی می‌کرد این بود که از شرّ او خلاص بشوند، پس بگذار چنین باشد؛ و بگذار دیگران او را مقصر بدانند – چرا ندانند؟ مگر آدم بی‌کس‌وکار حق شکایت هم دارد؟ بله، آنها او را عاقبت مجبور به آن کار کرده بودند: تام یک زندگیِ سراسر جنایت را در پیش می‌گرفت. راه دیگری نداشت.

تام گفت: زندگی یعنی همین. دیگه مجبور نیستی صبحا از خواب پاشی، دیگه مجبور نیستی بری مدرسه، یا دست و روتو بشوری، یا همۀ اون کارای مزخرفو انجام بدی. می‌بینی، جو، وقتی دزدای دریایی می‌آن ساحال هیچ کاری نمی‌کنن، ولی اگه می‌رفتیم توی غار گوشه می‌گرفتیم همه‌ش باید دعا می‌خوندیم، تازه، اون جور تنهایی هم اصلاً بهمون خوش نمی‌گذشت.

این دنیای بی‌منطق و دمدمی مزاج ماف پاتر را درآغوش خود گرفت و به ناز و نوازشش پرداخت، با همان شور و حرارتی که سابقاً او را آزار داده بود. اما دقیقاً همین نوع رفتار است که مایه شهرت و اعبتار دنیا می‌شود؛ بنابراین صحیح نیست آن را نکوهش کنیم.

آدم وقتی خیلی گشنه‌ش باشه کارایی می‌کنه که اگه اوضاعش روبه‌راه بود، اون کارو نمی‌کرد.

بچه‌ها به تکه شمع خود چشم دوختند و تماشایش کردند که به آهستگی و در کمال بی‌رحمی آب شد و به انتها رسید؛ دیدند که عاقبت فقط یک بند انگشت از فتیله آن باقی ماند؛ و بعد دیدند که شعله ضعیفش زبانه کشید و فروکش کرد، از ستون نازکی از دود بالا رفت، چند لحظه‌ای بر نوکِ فتیله درنگ کرد، و آنگاه – دهشت و هراسِ تاریکیِ مطلق بر همه جا حکمفرما شد!

نه، تام، من نمی‌خوام پولدار باشم، دلمم نمی‌خواد توی اون خونه‌های لعنتی که قلب آدم توشون می‌گیره زندگی کنم. من جنگلو دوست دارم، رودخونه رو دوست دارم، چلیکارو دوست دارم، ولشونم نمی‌کنم.

دوشنبه صبح ها تام احساس بدبختی می کرد. چون یک هفته عذاب مدرسه رفتن را پیش رو داشت. در راه مدرسه دلش گرفته بود اما وقتی هاکلبری فین را دید که به طرفش می آمد چهره اش باز شد. هیچ کدام از پسرهای دهکده ی سن پترزبورگ اجازه ی بازی و حرف زدن با هاکلبری فین یتیم و بی خانمان را نداشتند. او پسری بود بی عار و بیکار، خلاف کار، بددهان و خلاصه بد. و به همین علت بود که بین بچه ها جذبه داشت و گاهی مخفیانه پیش او می رفتند و آرزو می کردند که کاش جرأت او را داشتند و شبیه او بودند. خاله پالی هم شدیدا معاشرت و بازی با هک را قدغن کرده بود و درست به همین علت بود که هر وقت فرصتی دست می داد تام با هک بازی می کرد. با اخلاق تام که آشنا شده اید!

هاکلبری فین همیشه لباس های کهنه و پاره می پوشید و هر وقت دلش می خواست می آمد و می رفت. موقعی که هوا خوب بود جلو در خانه ها می خوابید. مجبور نبود به مدرسه یا کلیسا برود یا به کسی «آقا» بگوید، یا از کسی اطاعت کند. هر وقت دلش می خواست به ماهیگیری و شنا می رفت و تا هر وقت دلش می خواست بیدار می ماند. مجبور نبود حمام کند یا لباس های تمیز بپوشد. خیلی هم خوب فحش می داد! خلاصه سبک زندگی اش آرزوی هر بچه ی تنبلی بود.

تام گفت: «سلام هاکلبری. اون چیه تو دستت؟» «گربه ی مرده.» «بذار ببینمش هاک. اه چقدر سفت شده. می خوای چه کارش کنی؟» «می خوام زگیلام رو باهاش درمون کنم.» «راست می گی؟ نمی دونستم گربه ی مرده برای درمان زگیل خوبه.» «پس چی که خوبه؟ گربه رو می بری قبرستون، حدودای نصفه شب، جایی که یه آدم بدجنس رو دفن کرده باشن. نصفه شب جن ها می آن تا اونو با خودشون ببرن. تو هم می گی: جنا پشت سر جسد راه بیفتید، گربه، تو هم پشت سر جنا راه بیفت، زگیل ها دنبال گربه راه بیفتید. از دستتون خسته شدم. زگیلا هم می رن که می رن.»

نکوداشت های کتاب تام سایر

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer revolves around the youthful adventures of the novel’s schoolboy protagonist, Thomas Sawyer, whose reputation precedes him for causing mischief and strife. Tom lives with his Aunt Polly, half-brother Sid, and cousin Mary in the quaint town of St. Petersburg, just off the shore of the Mississippi River. St. Petersburg is described as a typical small-town atmosphere where the Christian faith is predominant, the social network is close-knit, and familiarity resides.

Unlike his brother Sid, Tom receives “lickings” from his Aunt Polly; ever the mischief-maker, would rather play hooky than attend school and often sneaks out his bedroom window at night to adventure with his friend, Huckleberry Finn ­ the town’s social outcast. Tom, despite his dread of schooling, is extremely clever and would normally get away with his pranks if Sid were not such a “tattle-tale.”

As punishment for skipping school to go swimming, Aunt Polly assigns Tom the chore of whitewashing the fence surrounding the house. In a brilliant scheme, Tom is able to con the neighborhood boys into completing the chore for him, managing to convince them of the joys of whitewashing. At school, Tom is equally as flamboyant, and attracts attention by chasing other boys, yelling, and running around. With his usual antics, Tom attempts to catch the eye of Becky Thatcher, a new girl in town, and persuades her to get “engaged” by kissing him. But their romance collapses when she learns Tom has been “engaged” previously to Amy Lawrence. Shortly after Becky shuns him, he accompanies Huckleberry Finn to the graveyard at night, where they witness the murder of Dr. Robinson.

Excerpt:
“TOM!”
No answer.
“TOM!”
No answer.
“What’s gone with that boy,  I wonder? You TOM!”
No answer.
The old lady pulled her spectacles down and looked over them about the room; then she put them up and looked out under them. She seldom or never looked through them for so small a thing as a boy; they were her state pair, the pride of her heart, and were built for “style,” not service—she could have seen through a pair of stove-lids just as well. She looked perplexed for a moment, and then said, not fiercely, but still loud enough for the furniture to hear:
“Well, I lay if I get hold of you I’ll—”
She did not finish, for by this time she was bending down and punching under the bed with the broom, and so she needed breath to punctuate the punches with. She resurrected nothing but the cat.
“I never did see the beat of that boy!”

جملاتی از متن انگلیسی کتاب تام سایر نوشته مارک تواین:

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Quotes

“The less there is to justify a traditional custom, the harder it is to get rid of it”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Ah, if he could only die temporarily!”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Tom said to himself that it was not such a hollow world, after all. He had discovered a great law of human action, without knowing it — namely, that in order to make a man or a boy covet a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difficult to attain. If he had been a great and wise philosopher, like the writer of this book, he would now have comprehended that Work consists of whatever a body is obliged to do, and that Play consists of whatever a body is not obliged to do. And this would help him to understand why constructing artificial flowers or performing on a tread-mill is work, while rolling ten-pins or climbing Mont Blanc is only amusement. There are wealthy gentlemen in England who drive four-horse passenger-coaches twenty or thirty miles on a daily line, in the summer, because the privilege costs them considerable money; but if they were offered wages for the service, that would turn it into work and then they would resign.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Tom said to himself that it was not such a hollow world, after all. He had discovered a great law of human action, without knowing it — namely, that in order to make a man or a boy covet a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difficult to attain.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Well, everybody does it that way, Huck.”
“Tom, I am not everybody.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Huck was always willing to take a hand in any enterprise that offered entertainment and required no capital, for he had a troublesome super-abundance of that sort of time which is not money.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Who knows, he may grow up to be President someday, unless they hang him first!”
Aunt Polly about Tom Sawyer”
― Samuel Clemmons, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Saturday morning was come, and all the summer world was bright and fresh, and brimming with life. There was a song in every heart; and if the heart was young, the music issued at the lips. There was cheer in every face and a spring in every step. The locust-trees were in bloom, and the fragrance of the blossoms filled the air. Cardiff Hill, beyond the village and above, it was green with vegetation, and it lay just far enough away to seem a Delectable Land, dreamy, reposeful, and inviting.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“What’s your name?”
“Becky Thatcher. What’s yours? Oh, I know. It’s Thomas Sawyer.”
“That’s the name they lick me by. I’m Tom when I’m good. You call me Tom, will you?”
“Yes”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Let us draw the curtain of charity over the rest of this scene”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“he would now have comprehended that work consists of whatever a body is obliged to do, and that play consists of whaterver a body is not obliged to do. And this would help him to understand why construcing artificial flowers or performing on a tread-mill, is work, whilst rolling nine-pins or climbing Mont Blanc is only amusement. There are wealthy gentlemen in England who drive four-horse passenger-coaches twenty or thirty miles on a daily line, in the summer, because the privilege costs them considerable money; but if they were offered wages for the service that would turn it into work, then they would resign.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“They said they would rather be outlaws a year in Sherwood Forest than President of the United States forever.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“A brown spotted lady-bug climbed the dizzy height of a grass blade, and Tom bent down close to it and said, “Lady-bug, lady-bug, fly away home, your house is on fire, your children’s alone,” and she took wing and went off to see about it — which did not surprise the boy, for he knew of old that this insect was credulous about conflagrations, and he had practised upon its simplicity more than once.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Homely truth is unpalatable.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Often, the less there is to justify a traditional custom, the harder it is to get rid of it.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“When one writes a novel about grown people, he knows exactly where to stop – that is, with a marriage; but when he writes about juveniles, he must stop where he best can.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“In the common walks of life, with what delightful emotions does the youthful mind look forward to some anticipated scene of festivity! Imagination is busy sketching rose-tinted pictures of joy. In fancy, the voluptuous votary of fashion sees herself amid the festive throng, ‘the observed of all observers.’ Her graceful form, arrayed in snowy robes, is whirling through the mazes of the joyous dance; her eye is brightest, her step is lightest in the gay assembly. “In such delicious fancies time quickly glides by, and the welcome hour arrives for her entrance into the Elysian world, of which she has had such bright dreams. How fairy-like does everything appear to her enchanted vision! Each new scene is more charming than the last. But after a while she finds that beneath this goodly exterior, all is vanity, the flattery which once charmed her soul, now grates harshly upon her ear; the ball-room has lost its charms; and with wasted health and imbittered heart, she turns away with the conviction that earthly pleasures cannot satisfy the longings of the soul!”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“What a curious kind of fool a girl is. Never been licked in school. What’s a licking?”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket of whitewash and a long-handled brush. He surveyed the fence, and all gladness left him and a deep melancholy settled down upon his spirit. Thirty yards of board fence nine feet high. Life to him seemed hollow, and existence but a burden.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Hang the boy, can’t I never learn anything? Ain’t he played tricks on me enough like that for me to be looking out for him by this time? But old fools is the biggest fools there is. Can;t learn an old dog new tricks, as the saying is. But my goodness, he never plays them alike, two days, and how is a body to know what’s coming? He ‘pears to know just how long he can torment me before I get my dander up and he knows if he can make out to put me off for a minute or make me laugh, it’s all down again and I can’t hit him a lick. I ain’t doing my duty by that boy, and that’s the Lord’s truth, goodness knows. Spare the rod and spile the child, as the Good Book says. I’m a-laying up sin and suffering for the both of us, I know. He’s full of the Old Scratch, but laws-a-me! he’s my own dead sister’s boy, poor thing, and I ain’t got the heart to lash him, somehow. Every time I let him off, my conscience does hurt me so, and every time I hit him my old heart almost breaks. Well-a-well, man that is born of woman is of few days and full of trouble, as the Scripture says, and I reckon it’s so. He’ll play hooky this evening, and I’ll just be obleeged to make him work tomorrow, to punish him. It’s mighty hard to make him work Saturdays, when all the boys is having holiday, but he hates work more than he hates anything else, and I’ve got to do some of my duty by him, or I’ll be the ruination of the child.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“The choir always tittered and whispered all through service. There was once a church choir that was not ill-bred, but I have forgotten where it was, now. It was a great many years ago, and I can scarcely remember anything about it, but I think it was in some foreign country.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“He was not the Model Boy of the village. He knew the model boy very well though—and loathed him.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“she makes me wash, they make me comb all to thunder; she won’t let me sleep in the woodshed… the widder [widow] eats by a bell; she goes to bed by a bell; she wakes up by a bell-everything’s so awful reg’lar a body can’t stand it”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Huckleberry came and went, at his own free will. He slept on doorsteps in fine weather and in empty hogsheads in wet; he did not have to go to school or to church, or call any being master or obey anybody; he could go fishing or swimming when and where he chose, and stay as long as it suited him; nobody forbade him to fight; he could sit up as late as he pleased; he was always the first boy that went barefoot in the spring and the last to resume leather in the fall; he never had to wash, nor put on clean clothes; he could swear wonderfully. In a word, everything that goes to make life precious that boy had. So thought every harassed, hampered, respectable boy in St. Petersburg.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“So endeth this chronicle. It being strictly a history of a boy, it must stop here; the story could not go much further without becoming the history of a man.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Tom felt that it was time to wake up; this sort of life might be romantic enough, in his blighted condition, but it was getting to have too little sentiment and too much distracting variety about it. So he thought over various plans for relief, and finally hit pon that of professing to be fond of Pain-killer. He asked for it so often that he became a nuisance, and his aunt ended by telling him to help himself and quit bothering her. If it had been Sid, she would have had no misgivings to alloy her delight; but since it was Tom, she watched the bottle clandestinely. She found that the medicine did really diminish, but it did not occur to her that the boy was mending the health of a crack in the sitting-room floor with it.

One day Tom was in the act of dosing the crack when his aunt’s yellow cat came along, purring, eying the teaspoon avariciously, and begging for a taste. Tom said:

“Don’t ask for it unless you want it, Peter.”

But Peter signified that he did want it.

“You better make sure.”

Peter was sure.

“Now you’ve asked for it, and I’ll give it to you, because there ain’t anything mean about me; but if you find you don’t like it, you mustn’t blame anybody but your own self.”

Peter was agreeable. So Tom pried his mouth open and poured down the Pain-killer. Peter sprang a couple of yards in the air, and then delivered a war-whoop and set off round and round the room, banging against furniture, upsetting flower-pots, and making general havoc. Next he rose on his hind feet and pranced around, in a frenzy of enjoyment, with his head over his shoulder and his voice proclaiming his unappeasable happiness. Then he went tearing around the house again spreading chaos and destruction in his path. Aunt Polly entered in time to see him throw a few double summersets, deliver a final mighty hurrah, and sail through the open window, carrying the rest of the flower-pots with him. The old lady stood petrified with astonishment, peering over her glasses; Tom lay on the floor expiring with laughter.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Tom counted the pages of the sermon; after church he always knew how many pages there had been, but he seldom knew anything else about the discourse.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“Then at once they reached and hovered upon the imminent verge of sleep – but an intruder came, now, that would not “down”. It was conscience. They began to feel a vague fear that they had been doing wrong to run away; and next they thought of the stolen meat, and then the real torture came […] So they inwardly resolved that so long as they remained in the business, their piracies should not again be sullied with the crime of stealing. Then conscience granted a truce, and these curiously inconsistent pirates fell peacefully to sleep.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

“It was the cool gray dawn, and there was a delicious sense of repose and peace in the deep pervading calm and silence of the woods. Not a leaf stirred; not a sound obtruded upon great Nature’s meditation […] Gradually the cool dim gray of the morning whitened, and as gradually sounds multiplied and life manifested itself. The marvel of Nature shaking off sleep and going to work unfolded itself to the musing boy […] All Nature was wide awake and stirring, now; long lances of sunlight pierced down through the dense foliage far and near, and a few butterflies came fluttering upon the scene.”
― Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

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